Sudan has been in the midst of a political crisis since long-serving ruler Omar al-Bashir was overthrown in April. community of people scattered from their homeland. Then ask students to write a brief summary describing who the Lost Boys are and what they experienced. Traditional cultures Because of Sudan's great cultural diversity, it is difficult to classify the traditional cultures of the various peoples. And then Riek Machar, not having the wherewithal of the government, not having the resources that the government had to try and construct a multiethnic coalition by buying in diverse members of the elite, immediately fell back upon ethnic mobilization because it was very quick and it was very cheap. the way a person views themselves in relation to the learned characteristics and behaviors of a group or community. Since reprioritizing protection, the UN Mission in the Republic of South Sudan has faced extreme challenges due to the deterioration of the security situation and its complex relationship with the government of the Republic of South Sudan. The council says it needs to be in charge to ensure order and security. This series is made possible by a grant from the Carnegie Corporation of New York. The UN Mission in South Sudan is justifiably criticized for some serious failures to protect civilians and humanitarian workers under threat. Whatever you may think of the Ethiopian governmentand their human rights record leaves a lot to be desiredif you go to Ethiopia, you see that that money is being used for public gooda lot of infrastructure, a lot of health servicesa huge physical material transformation of the country and economic development. The country was also among the first few teams to start the game of football in Africa. National Geographic Headquarters If no button appears, you cannot download or save the media. Have students add routes from New York City to those states. In response, the government equipped and supported Arab militiaswhich came to be known as Janjaweed (also . the movement of people from one place to another. And some members of the Dinka elite, particularly around Bor, who have tried to stay out of it entirely, or are even sympathizing with the opposition. National Geographic Society is a 501 (c)(3) organization. They perhaps fear the protests in Sudan could inspire similar events to take place in their countries. The most cogent proposals that are now coming forward for future international engagement in South Sudan are quite ambitious. How Bad Is Ukraines Humanitarian Crisis a Year Later? WASH committees are important because they ensure regular maintenance and orderly use of the access points. The cuisine of the country is as varied as the countrys geography and diverse ethnic communities. Basketball, volleyball, handball are other popular games played in the country. While women and girls in Sudan already face challenges due to their gender, these challenges become more pronounced when they are living in displacement camps as a result of violence in their communities. The rights of the village were vested in its inhabitants jointly. Katherine Noel, Interviewer Alex de Waal, Interviewee. Arranged marriages are the norm in Sudanese society. They involve, first of all, a regional protection force, which is a beefed-up peacekeeping force consisting of troops from neighboring countries that would be mandated to be a lot more proactive and would be given the right equipment and to, in theory, go out on fairly aggressive patrols and other operations that could actually protect civilians who are under immediate threat from the warring parties. U.S. Secretary of State John Kerry has warned South Sudans leaders to carry out the terms of the peace deal or face sanctions and a loss of U.S. aid. 26. The countrys sportsmen also excel in the field of athletics. Dairy and milk are fundamental to the diet of most Sudanese. The Global Conflict Tracker is an interactive guide to ongoing conflicts around the world of concern to the United States with background information and resources. Then they watch an excerpt from the film, God Grew Tired of Us, and write about it. Broadly speaking, the traditional societies of Sudan exhibited two types of political organization: the hierarchical system of the Fur and the segmentary systems of the Humr Baqqrah and Otoro. Each village had a council of elders who decided minor cultivation disputes and enforced their decisions by advice and warning. The conflict began in 2003 when rebels launched an insurrection to protest what they contended was the Sudanese government's disregard for the western region and its non-Arab population. Over the last several years, World Relief Sudan has become a trusted agency among the Sudanese people, other NGOs and the Sudanese government. Ultimate authority lay with the sultan, who could depose officials beneath him when their power became a threat to his dominance. Sudan is a Northeast African country with varied geography featuring deserts, mountains, sea coasts, and more. Sudan Peoples Liberation Army (SPLA) soldiers and a journalist leave a helicopter after a flight to Bor, in Juba, South Sudan on January 25, 2014. Annual Lecture on China: Frayed RelationsThe United States and China, Virtual Event The Otoro political system consisted of a number of territorial segments that did not coincide with kinship groupings. Circumcision distinguished boyhood from manhood. Explain to students that Sudans second civil war was caused by conflicts between northern and southern Sudan over oil and religion. Barrie novel Peter Pan who formed a family and took care of each other in Never-Never Land. In addition to the COVID-19 health crisis in a country with few resources to combat the pandemic, more than seven million people are severely food insecure as of April 2021, and insecurity continues to negatively affect humanitarian supply routes. Ongoing disputes and the lack of power-sharing agreements between many of South Sudans rival factions in the civil war that ended in 2018 has cast doubt on whether the government will be able to prevent violence in the lead-up to national elections, which are set to occur in 2022. Any interactives on this page can only be played while you are visiting our website. Share these resources with your students to examine various conflicts around the world and instances of different communities working together successfully. Sudan has a low but improving literacy rate. Washington, DC 20036, Careers| The cycle of public protests which started in 2018 appears to have no end with the army not being comfortable to share the power with civilians, far from the public demand of handing it over to civilians. October 21, 2022, Tracker The organization was founded in the aftermath of World War II to respond to the urgent humanitarian needs of war-torn Europe. The August 2015 peace agreement simply cannot be implemented: it was based on three false premises. It was five times than in Uganda. Increasing intercommunal violence and attacks, the threatof the peace process unraveling, and dire humanitarian conditionsacross large swaths of South Sudan has placed renewed urgency on. A small community of Christians also live there. In the 21st century, Sudan faced conflict in Darfur, Southern Kordofan, and Blue Nile starting in 2003. If you have questions about how to cite anything on our website in your project or classroom presentation, please contact your teacher. What Languages Are Spoken in South Sudan? Soups are also an important part of the Sudanese cuisine. The Otoro recognized tribal boundaries defined by periodically renewed intertribal treaties. These young men trekked across sub-Saharan Africa in search of safety, and eventually found homes in the United States. World Relief is a global Christian humanitarian organization whose mission is to empower the local church to serve the most vulnerable. The geographical variations in the country have given birth to regional cultural differences. Introduce the film God Grew Tired of Us and the excerpt students will watch.Explain to students that the film documents the story of the Lost Boys of Sudan as they fled civil war, spent a decade growing up in a Kenyan refugee camp, and were eventually resettled in the United States. If you look at the public expenditure per capita of South Sudan at independence, it was eight or nine times higher than that in Ethiopia. Go to National Geographic's Sudan Facts page and invite volunteers to take turns reading aloud the information. The Dinka are the largest ethnic group in southern Sudan. Is this enough to spur compliance? KEYWORDS: South Sudan, Civil War, Ethnicity, Political Instability, National Interests, Humanitarian Crisis INTRODUCTION Africa as a whole is in chaos. Point out the homeland of the Dinkain southern Sudan along the White Nile. Point out the homeland of the Dinkain southern Sudan along the White Nile. Religious schools teaching Islamic values are found in large numbers. These water points are fenced, to reduce the possibility of violence around these areas, as violence towards women is common when women travel outside of their villages to collect water. South Sudan, a landlocked country in northeast Africa, is the youngest nation in the world. Explain to students that Sudans second civil war was caused by conflicts between northern and southern Sudan over oil and religion. You cannot download interactives. Best of fest. If there are, ask if any would be willing to visit your school and speak with students. 1996 - 2023 National Geographic Society. To move toward peace in South Sudan, "the initiative should be taken at the African level, particularly by the African Union," says de Waal. Video, 00:17:58Sudans livestream massacre, Rape and the revolution: 'They were crying and screaming', Human error to blame for train crash - Greek PM, At the crash site of 'no hope' - BBC reporter in Greece. And then, inevitably, the conflict became primarily Nuer versus Dinka [the predominant ethnic group supporting President Kiir], though if you look at any particular locality you will find that its not that simplethat there are some Nuer groups and some members of the Nuer elite that, for whatever reason, have brought their communities onto the government side. Newsroom| Demonstrators argued that Mr Bashir's regime was so deeply entrenched that it would take time to dismantle its political network and open the way for free and fair elections. Just as the attitudes of pro-South Sudan activists in Washington, DC, swung from support to skepticism, so did the sentiments of their erstwhile friends. Despite sporadic violations over the ensuing weeks, Kiir and Machar signed a final cease-fire and power-sharing agreement in August 2018. The marriage was usually dissolved by the total refund of the bridewealth to the former husband. The ruling parties have been predominately military regimes favouring Islamic-oriented policies, in distinct contrast to the beliefs and practices of the primarily Christian south where churches and schools were established by Italian Catholic missionaries and . They may attack with little or no warning, targeting foreign and local government facilities, and areas frequented by Westerners. It certainly has a destabilizing effect. Have a whole-class discussion about the hazards and physical challenges of the routes, including drought, wildlife, and food sources. The audio, illustrations, photos, and videos are credited beneath the media asset, except for promotional images, which generally link to another page that contains the media credit. Cousin marriage, sororate (customary marriage with a deceased wifes sister), levirate (customary marriage to an elder brothers widow), and polygyny were practiced. Each major ethnic group and historical region has its own special forms of cultural expression. If possible, show students the full film, God Grew Tired of Us, during class time. Photo courtesy of Patrick Noonan, WFP, South Sudan. The military and pro-democracy movement have been locked in a tussle for power that has led to mass protests and killings. The United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) states that sexual and gender-based violence (SGBV), including domestic violence and alcohol abuse, increases in such circumstances. What cultural aspects of Sudan contribute to civil unrest? First, that the political rivals could reconcile and resolve their differences. Sudan Peoples Liberation Movement-in-Opposition (SPLM-IO) rebels fire weapons during an assault on Sudan Peoples Liberation Army (SPLA) soldiers in the town of Kaya, on the border with Uganda, in South Sudan on August 26, 2017. On January 16, 2021, civil unrest was reported in the Geneina area in West Darfur as a result of violence between Masalit and Arab tribesmen groups that have had a long history of conflict over land and water resources. process by which people acquire the culture and habits of the dominant group. February 23, 2023, What Climate Change Means for the Horn of Africa, With Michelle Gavin, Podcast A video of a young woman standing on the roof of a car and leading the chants was widely shared on social media. Most African and Western countries have backed the protesters. These three cultures are those of the Fur, Muslim Africans in the far western part of the country; the Humr tribe of the Baqqrah Arabs, of west-central Sudan; and the Otoro tribe of the Nuba, in east-central Sudan. The outflow of millions of refugees has placed a strain on neighboring countries. The UN said at least 60 were killed in the attack. For information on user permissions, please read our Terms of Service. As the first step toward ending the civil war, Machar returned to Juba in April 2016 and was once again sworn in as vice president, after spending more than two years outside of the country. transportation of people to a new residential area, usually following a natural or man-made disaster. It starts as a . Jeanne Wallace-Weaver, Educational Consultant, adapted from the National Geographic Xpeditions lessons God Grew Tired of Us: Migration and Cultural Interaction and God Grew Tired of Us: Culture Clash and Community-Building. February 14, 2023 South Sudans President Salva Kiir (L), Sudans President Omar al-Bashir (2L), Somalias President Mohammad Abdullahi Mohammad (R), and Egypts Prime Minister Mostafa Madbouli (2R) look on after offering flowers at John Garang Mausoleum during a peace ceremony in Juba, South Sudan on October 31, 2018. Contact Us. The geographical variations in the country have given birth to regional cultural differences. All the groups had some form of class distinction. 3. Since December 2018, daily street protests have taken place across the Republic of Sudan. When women are on these committees, they can better emphasize the protection of women and children at water access points. Washington, DC 20036, Careers| Listen to Sudanese music on the National Geographic World Music website. Preteach or review vocabulary. Because of Sudans great cultural diversity, it is difficult to classify the traditional cultures of the various peoples. Women and girls may be attacked as they look for firewood or water outside the camp, and As financial resources are depleted, adolescent girls are married off at increasingly younger ages. with Ivan Kanapathy, Bonny Lin and Stephen S. Roach, Understanding the Roots of Conflict in South Sudan, Security forces patrol the Dar Petroleum Operating Company oil production operated in Palogue oil field within Upper Nile State in South Sudan, September 7, 2016. Marriages between cousins are often preferred. transportation of people to a new residential area, usually following a natural or man-made disaster. On 4 August they signed a constitutional declaration which will pave the way for the formation of a transitional government. January 19, 2023, Yemens Tragedy: War, Stalemate, and Suffering, Backgrounder Moreover, the countrys two leadersKiir and Macharwere the primary instigators of rival factions in the civil war that began in 2013, and the peace between them is fragile. Protracted civil conflict in the Sudan generally has its origin in socio-economic inequities caused by neglect of the agricultural sector, misguided land reforms, unfair In addition, WASH (water, sanitation and hygiene) committees are being formed and are composed of at least 40% women to monitor the use and maintenance of said water points. 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