Results From the 2020 Indian American Attitudes Survey, Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, October 14, 2020, https://carnegieendowment.org/2020/10/14/how-will-indian-americans-vote-results-from-2020-indian-american-attitudes-survey-pub-82929. A quarter said legal immigration to the U.S. should be decreased (24%), while one-third (38%) said immigration should be kept at its present level and almost another third (32%) said immigration should be increased. However, whereas the earlier data looked at political leaders and organizations, this section reviews interpersonal attitudes. While the former report that a slightly higher share of their social network comprises people of the same caste, if one sets aside the dont know responses, the relative differences between caste identifiers and non-identifiers is marginal. In certain cases, these larger groupings consist of smaller denominations that have been aggregated upward. Andrew Daniller and Hannah Gilberstadt, Key Findings About Voter Engagement in the 2020 Election, Pew Research Center, December 14, 2020, https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2020/12/14/key-findings-about-voter-engagement-in-the-2020-election/. She studies misinformation, media effects, and political behavior and employs survey and experimental methods in her work. Interestingly, while three-fourths of respondents identify with an Indian nomenclature, this masks exactly how that term is used. 4 Sanjoy Chakravorty, Devesh Kapur, and Nirvikar Singh, The Other One Percent: Indians in America (New York: Oxford University Press, 2017). This statistic is nearly identical to the average of the American population at large. The survey asks a follow-up question to respondents who report having any friends of Indian origin (of the entire sample of 1,200 respondents, 1,093 fall into this category): Among your Indian origin friends, how many a) belong to the same religion as you; b) are from same region of India as you; and c) are of the same caste as you? The purpose of this question is to investigate whether Indian-origin social networks are internally homogenous or heterogeneous. Hindus, in turn, are much more likely than Christians or Muslims to state that religion is somewhat important, not too important, or not at all important in their lives. Most immigrants (77%) are in the country legally, while almost a quarter are unauthorized, according to new Pew Research Center estimates based on census data adjusted for undercount. On average, an H-1B visa holder reports living in the United States for eight years, although 36 percent of H-1B beneficiaries report spending more than a decade in the country (that is, they arrived before 2010). What do the social networks of Indian Americans look like? The number of apprehensions at the U.S.-Mexico border has doubled from fiscal 2018 to fiscal 2019, from 396,579 in fiscal 2018 to 851,508 in fiscal 2019. Looking forward, immigrants and their descendants are projected to account for 88% of U.S. population growth through 2065, assuming current immigration trends continue. Questions that measure social distance are often used to understand the salience of group identity and perceptions of group hierarchy, and as a basis of prediction of inter-group prejudice. Despite being one of the largest immigrant groups in the United States, Americans of Indian descent were barely represented in politics. This margin of error is calculated at the 95 percent confidence interval. While the majority are immigrants, a rising share . As the Baby Boom generation heads into retirement, immigrants and their children are expected to offset a decline in the working-age population by adding about 18 million people of working age between 2015 and 2035. The overall margin of error for the IAAS is +/- 2.8 percent. The term net domestic migration describes the total number of people moving to a state from another state minus people moving to another state from that state. Find the US States - No Outlines Minefield 4 Find the Countries of Europe - No Outlines Minefield Geography. 2 (2016): 283301. 22 There is no one-to-one correspondence between Hindi and an Indian state of origin since the language is spoken across a broad swath of states, especially but not exclusively in north and central India. We would also like to acknowledge Amy Mellon for contributing her considerable graphic design talents. Is the immigrant population growing? Given the degree of partisan polarization present in U.S. politics, the survey examines how much this polarization is present within the Indian American community as well. There is a similar trend in naturalization for those who immigrated and later took U.S. citizenship. IAAS data confirm this finding. This project has been reviewed and approved by the University of Pennsylvania Institutional Review Board (Protocol #843855). Roughly one-fifth lived in the Northeast (21%) and 11% were in the Midwest. Further methodological details can be found in Appendix A, along with a state-wise map of survey respondents. At the time of the survey, more than half (55 percent) of Indian Americans reported that they had an immediate family member (spouse, mother, father, brother, sister, son, or daughter) currently residing in India. In 2020, Californias Department of Fair Employment and Housing filed a lawsuit against U.S.-based technology company Cisco Systems after an employee from one of Indias historically marginalized caste communities (Dalits) alleged that some of his upper caste Indian American colleagues discriminated against him on the basis of his caste identity.7 The suit, and subsequent media melee, triggered a wave of wrenching testimonials about the entrenched nature of castea marker of hierarchy and status associated with Hinduism (as well as other South Asian religions)within the diaspora community in the United States.8, More recently, there has been a troubling surge in hate crimes targeting Asian Americans in the wake of the COVID-19 pandemic. Results From the 2020 Indian American Attitudes Survey, Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, February 9, 2021, https://carnegieendowment.org/2021/02/09/how-do-indian-americans-view-india-results-from-2020-indian-american-attitudes-survey-pub-83800. Forty-seven percent of U.S.-born citizens report engaging in this activity, but 45 percent of foreign-born citizens and 41 percent of non-citizens did so as well. Top editors give you the stories you want delivered right to your inbox each weekday. However, the magnitude of the effect is modest. Third, Christians are much more likely to report that hardly any or none of their Indian friends share their religion. 40 Interestingly, the Indian-origin composition of social networks does not vary significantly by respondents age. 24 Christine Tamir, Aidan Connaughton, and Ariana Monique Salazar, The Global God Divide, Pew Research Center, July 20, 2020, https://www.pewresearch.org/global/2020/07/20/the-global-god-divide/. In terms of educational attainment, 48 percent of Hindus with an undergraduate education profess a caste identify compared to 43 percent with less than a four-year college degree. This could be the result of circumstance and context, or it could be the product of social distancethe relative distance that one feels toward members of an out-group (religious, ethnic, partisan, and so on) relative to members of ones own in-group. Caste has long been a sensitive and controversial issue in discussions about the Indian American community. Nearly half of all Muslims (48 percent) say they attend religious services regularly as well. Interestingly, among IAAS respondents, Diwali emerges as the most celebrated holiday63 percent of respondents report that they celebrate the Indian festival of lights (see figure 16). Numbers, Facts and Trends Shaping Your World, new Pew Research Center estimates based on census data adjusted for undercount. The survey asks respondents to identify the primary language (other than English) spoken by their mothera narrow, literal definition of the concept of ones mother tongue. Of course, many Indian Americansirrespective of citizenshipremain tied to India thanks to direct family connections. Meanwhile, there was a rise in the number from Central America and Asia. May 3, 2016. 5 Devesh Kapur and Jashan Bajwa, A Study of Poverty in the Indian American Population, Johns Hopkins-SAIS, October 2020, https://drive.google.com/file/d/1qCf6RE2L2FpvA6mny2Y_Xtof_zdJpFdC/view. In contrast, there is more variation on the dimensions of region and caste. More than 1 million immigrants arrive in the U.S. each year. But in New Jersey, where there is a significant concentration of Indian Americans, Indian Americans are more likely to associate with their own. This chapter examines the immigration of South Asian and Indian populations to the United States between 1820 and 2015. A majority of Hindus (52 percent) report attending religious services once or twice a month or just a few times a year, while another 25 percent report seldom or never attending religious services. Mexican immigrants remain Minnesota's largest immigrant group, but the number of Mexican immigrants living in the state declined over the past decade. 34 Badrinathan, Kapur, and Vaishnav, How Do Indian Americans View India?, 2022. Since the creation of the federal Refugee Resettlement Program in 1980, about 3 million refugees have been resettled in the U.S. more than any other country. The results are displayed in figure 11. Other regions make up smaller shares: Europe, Canada and other North America (13%), the Caribbean (10%), Central America (8%), South America (7%), the Middle East and North Africa (4%) and sub-Saharan Africa (5%). From 2001 to 2018, a majority (60%) of immigrants deported have not been convicted of a crime. A small minority of non-citizen respondents6 percentclaim some other visa status. In 2020, the United States granted 707,362 people lawful permanent resident status, a significant drop from the usual average of more than a million. 38 Badrinathan, Kapur, and Vaishnav, How Do Indian Americans View India?, 1213. Another 6 percent were born in either Bangladesh or Pakistan. Here's How the Answer Got So Complicated, Time, March 12, 2020, https://time.com/5800209/asian-american-census/. South Korea 16,244. Another way of examining respondents regional connections in India is to look at their linguistic backgrounds. Specifically, this study addresses seven questions concerning the social realities of Indian Americans: This study is the third in a series of empirical papers on the Indian American community. The remaining 23 percent of the sample consists of immigrants residing in the United States who do not hold U.S. citizenship. The most common activity is performing community service, something 20 percent of respondents engaged in, followed by working with others in their community (15 percent), attending a public meeting (13 percent), and attending a protest or demonstration (11 percent). The IAAS draws on a series of questions adapted from the political science literature in order to measure inter-group social distance in the Indian American community.42 Namely, the survey explores how Indian Americans feel about having close interactions with out-group members along two prominent cleavages: those who are of a different religion, or who carry a different partisan affiliation. One percent of respondents point to some other factor. Seventy percent state that they strongly or somewhat agree with the statement. Please join us on the important journey to make Dallas a better place! Indian Americans who are born in the United States are more likely to identify as Indian American (48 to 40 percent) and markedly less likely to identify as Indian (just 11 percent compared to 33 percent of foreign-born Indian Americans). Visit BusinessInsider.com for more stories. Of the over one million foreign born from India in the U.S., over half live in just five states. Immigrants today account for 13.7% of the U.S. population, nearly triple the share (4.8%) in 1970. The survey, drawing on both citizens and non-citizens in the United States, was conducted online using YouGovs proprietary panel of 1.8 million Americans and has an overall margin of error of +/- 2.8 percent. Although Indian Americans born in the United States assess Indias present trajectory more critically than those born outside of the United Statesa finding the February 2021 IAAS study established 51the latter are somewhat more likely to blame religion (62 percent versus 55 percent) as well as political leadership (61 percent versus 48 percent). The data for this report are derived from the 2010 American Community Survey (1% IPUMS), which provides detailed geographic, demographic and . 1615 L St. NW, Suite 800Washington, DC 20036USA From 2009 to 2020, immigrants of Asian descent outnumbered those of Hispanic descent in terms of race and ethnicity. To broaden the aperture, the survey asks about discrimination along several dimensions beyond country of origin: skin color, gender, religion, and caste. Nearly one in two respondents (45 percent) report discussing politics in the past yearby far the most common activity. In 2020, about8% of Minnesotans were foreign-born, but that percentage was as high as 37% in the late 1800s. This finding tracks with other studies of immigrant communities.37. 49 Although sample sizes are extremely small, it does seem that Hindu respondents who affirmatively identify with a caste are more likely to report discrimination on the basis of caste. In 2018, immigrants were over three times as likely as the U.S. born to have not completed high school (27% vs. 8%). Many respondents are between the ages of eighteen and twenty-five and, thus, are plausibly in the middle of their educational training. Because the results are largely the same, this study only reports results from the former. El Salvador 17,907. Contributing financially to campaigns (14 percent), contacting an elected representative or government official (12 percent), and volunteering on a political campaign (9 percent) are less popular activities.36, As with civic engagement, U.S.-born citizens are the most engaged, followed by foreign-born citizens and non-citizens (see figure 15). At the time of writing, India is reeling under a devastating resurgence of the coronavirus. There does appear to be some variation based on respondents religious identity (see figure 7). YouGov maintains a proprietary, double opt-in survey panel comprised of 1.8 million U.S. residents who have agreed to participate in YouGovs surveys. The top countries of origin for immigrants were India (11 percent of immigrants), Mexico (8 percent), China (6 percent), the Philippines (3 percent), and Canada (3 percent). It is a subsidiary of The Pew Charitable Trusts. 37 National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine, The Integration of Immigrants into American Society (Washington, DC: The National Academies Press, 2015). The heightened levels of discrimination that U.S.-born respondents report compared to immigrants hold true across categorieswhether skin color, gender, religion, or even caste. Overall, the Obama administration deported about 3 million immigrants between 2009 and 2016, a significantly higher number than the 2 million immigrants deported by the Bush administration between 2001 and 2008. The largest origin group of refugees was the Democratic Republic of the Congo, followed by Burma (Myanmar), Ukraine, Eritrea and Afghanistan. Since 1980, the U.S. Census has categorized Indians as Asian Indian, a subset of the Asian racial category. To probe this issue, the survey provides respondents with eight identity categories and asks them which of the following best describes their background. Therefore, the sample size from which these percentages is derived is smalljust one-half of the overall IAAS sample. You guys are incredible.1, While some in the media interpreted Bidens off-the-cuff remark as an unfortunate gaffe, others viewed it as affirmation of the growing influence of the Indian American diaspora. Reported discrimination based on country of origin and caste is roughly similar for both groups (around 1516 and 56 percent, respectively). 41 Miller McPherson, Lynn Smith-Lovin, and James M. Cook, Birds of a Feather: Homophily in Social Networks, Annual Review of Sociology 27 (2001): 415444. The ordering in table 2 roughly corresponds with the map shown below. The survey asks respondents whether they believe other minorities experience a greater degree of discrimination relative to Indian Americans (see figure 25). 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